Research Paper on Juvenile Court Essay

Age is Just a Number, Right? In the year 1993, a 2-year-old boy, named Jamie Bulger was taken by two 10-year old boys and was injured and murdered. The two boys rested his body on a railroad track with the intention of blaming the train, which would cover up what they had done (Wilde 1). Cameron Kocher a 9 year old from upstate Pennsylvania shot a rifle out of the window of his room and killed his 7-year-old neighbor, who was riding on a snowmobile (Schwartz 1). Shocking isn’t it? Who would believe children at such a young age could commit such crimes. The real question is what happened to these cases? Do both children get the death penalty? And if not, what punishment do they receive? Should juveniles get trialed as adults? That question has haunted many for decades now. But before we make any irrational decisions, let’s get to the facts. What exactly is a juvenile delinquent? Well it’s a child who commits acts that would be considered crimes if done by an adult. A child is considered a juv enile delinquent until they reach the of 18, 17 some states 16 (Britannica 1). Juvenile delinquency can include crimes like disorderly conduct, minor theft, rape and vandalism (Britannica 1). Juveniles are usually tried in Juvenile Courts or also known as Family courts. The purpose of juvenile courts is to rehabilitate a delinquent and prevent from repeating behavior, instead of sentencing them to jail. â€Å"The systems rooted in the belief† that children have not matured entirely to be aware of their mistakes/actions ( Leora). However juvenile courts didn’t always exist. It wasn’t until in Chicago 1899 the juvenile court of law was started. Before this new system, children would be trialed as adults (Britannica 1). One of the very first juvenile cases was in 1786 in colonial times. Children under the age of seven could not be held guilty for a serious crime. From the ages 8-14 it was said that their legal status was â€Å"ambiguous†. If you were over the age of 14 you would be trialed as an adult (Jeffrey 16 & 17). The need for a juvenile system wasn’t looked upon because before â€Å"the behavior of children was the primary responsib ility of the parents, particularly the father.† The community frowned upon those who could not control their children. When juveniles would go to a judge, the judge would just send them to jail for a short while, most of them would return. The idea or system of trialing a juvenile different from an adult didn’t come until the 1900’s (Jeffery 17). As the system was created they needed to make some regulations or rules for certain occasions. Offenders who were charged with a particular serious crime will go straight to a fitness hearing instead of having a juvenile court jurisdiction. A fitness hearing decides weather they should be trialed as an adult or juvenile. When making the decision they look at â€Å" the minors degrees of criminal sophistication†, if they can be rehabilitated and the juveniles previous cases (Leora 6). Other situations a juvenile may be trialed in an adult are when â€Å"state laws mandate such processing for certain offenses with a set age and rage [statutory exclusion] ; prosecutors decide on a criminal proceeding with limitations based on offense and age [prosecutorial discretion] and the juvenile court judge decides to waive the case within limits based on offenses and age [judicial waver] (Britannica 3). A big problem was the punishm ent. What would be an effective way? Courts wanted to avoid the death penalty and jail time. In the 1890’s a juvenile could be sentenced to a death penalty. It wasn’t until 2005 when in the U. S. Supreme Court decided to raise the age for the death penalty to 18 in the Roper v. Simmons case (Britannica 3). In Georgia the death penalty age is 17 (Jeffery 17). Another regulation that was placed, that the court cannot make a jurisdiction that passes the age of 21. No matter what the offense is, juveniles are to be released at 21. However if the juvenile is trialed in an adult court, than this condition wont apply (Britannica 4). So what is an effective way to help these juveniles? Family courts created all kinds of programs and activities. Such as, education based programs: that help educate children about the affect of drugs, gangs, sex and weapons (â€Å"Juvenile† 3). This program helps parents in monitoring and responding to a child’s behavior (Britannica 1). There are correctional programs known commonly as training schools. Also there are presentational programs. An example of one of these programs is Nebraska Correctional youth facility. They have juvenile delinquents that have been trialed in an adult court. The age ranges from 15 to 21. They teach the youth how to change their criminal behavior (â€Å"juvenile 4†). Other solutions for juvenile delinquency are recreational programs. They’re effective because they fill unsupervised hours after school. It has been reported that youths are most likely commit a crime from 2pm to 8pm. Recreational programs allow youths to become  friends with adults and children that are good influences (â€Å"Juvenile† 3). However there are many ineffective programs. Back in the 1990’s communities where scared for juvenile delinquency to increase so they came to conclusion that the harsher programs were, the better. They had slogans such as â€Å"get tough on crime† and â€Å"adult time for adult crime†. They created programs such as â€Å"The Juvenile Boot- camp (â€Å"juvenile† 5 & 6). Many people believe that the court it just to easy on their verdicts. So who exactly are these juvenile delinquents? What could cause a child to be so violent? Researchers found similar characteristics that are found in most juveniles. They display impulsive behaviors and difficulty showing gratification. Also more likely to perform poorly in school or droop out all together. Especially in those whose parents do not supervise or enforce any discipline or do not communicate. Also parents of juveniles are likely to have committed a crime them selves (Britannica 1 & 2). The majority of the cases involve males. Female delinquency began to increase in the 1980’s in the United States (Britannica 1). Most researchers who study juveniles believe that there is no single cause. Some study biological factors. Others study how some people learn certain behaviors through social experiences. Sociologist explain that many go into criminal behavior as an adaption to a social environment in which they can’t attain their social goals (Britannica 1). Now that you know the facts and some more information†¦what do you think? Should juveniles be trialed as adults? Well I believe that yes they should be. That if they are committing an adult action they should pay for it like an adult. Many argue that children aren’t aware of what they’re doing. Honestly we sometimes underestimate children and don’t really look at what they are capable of. For example, Nathaniel Brazill, â€Å"a 14 year old boy convicted for the murder of his middle school teacher†¦ Brazill shot his teacher Barrry Gunrow in the head on the final day of classes† (â€Å"Teen†). Who would think that a young boy would do this? Nobody I’m guessing, th is is clear evidence that we need to pay a closer attention to children and not judge them on their age. Another example is, four teenagers, Humberto Guzman, Hassan Mayfield, Denzell Fell and Andrew Johnson, ages 13 and 15. They are â€Å"accused of a killing a student, Broderick J. Henman by chasing him into a car path way during a robbery attempt†. A witness describes that Broderick was running way from the robbers. That they held him and punched him on the side of his head. He  also said that they boys had laughed as the car stuck Broderick (Hartocollis 1 &2). This case strongly shows that these children know exactly what they are doing and have the same intentions as adults. So they shouldn’t have special treatment, when they act so brutal and awful. Many children who have committed â€Å"crimes such as rape, robbery assault, murder and attempted murder are exempt from being trialed as an adult because of their age (Wilde 1). Does that seem right to you? A child isn’t normal if he/she committed such atrocious acts. I think that most or at least part of the blame belongs to parents for their ignorance. I believe they should pay more attention to their children to spot or notice any weird changes in attitudes or behavior. An example of this is, â€Å"in February 2009 state police found 26 year old Kenzie Hauk in her bed with a bullet straight through her head. She was eight months old pregnant.† The murderer was 11 year old Jordan Brown the son of the Fiancà ©e (Chen 1).The boy had been jealous of his dads fiancà ©e. Does this not grab your attention? This is obviously lack of parenting or communication coming from his father. If he were paying closer attention then he could’ve spotted that something was going on with his son Now that you’ve heard a couple of examples I really hope you were able to change perspectives if you did not agree in the first place. Just think how the families of these victims feel? Try putting your self in their places? Wouldn’t you want the killer to pay for debt evenly? I know I would. So why not avoid this from happening? Parents watch your children more closely and keep communication between you guys if you start to seem them acting up. Act fast, before you son or daughter is sitting in the court waiting for his/her verdict.

The Search for Sustainable Fibre/Fabric Alternatives

THE SEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE FIBRE/FABRIC ALTERNATIVES TEXTILE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT & ENGINEERING (MANU 2091) Abstract: An attempt to find two alternatives for cotton and nylon respectively that is sustainable within the scope of the chosen apparel BY PRIYA PISHU HASSARAM S3351376 LECTURER: CHRIS WATSON 05TH SEPTEMBER 2012 MINOR ASSESSMENT REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper delves in to the performance characteristics of fibres within chosen apparel and the sustainable replacements for these fibres.In particular, the document explores various questions relating to the subject including: (1) what are the performance characteristics for each fibre in general and chosen apparel? , (2) how is it suitable as an alternative to the fibre? , (3) In what ways are the performance characteristics of fibre’s different from each other? Today, we can look at the textile industry through the lens of sustainability. At present, the textiles industry is one of the highest in contributing towards landfill. The two most commonly used textiles fibre’s; cotton and nylon both causes serious environmental problems in their life cycle.Therefore, the report focuses on the aspect of sustainability within the fibre as replacements for cotton and nylon within the chosen apparel. The work is divided into two parts, Part A addresses cotton and Part B addresses nylon. In specific a women’s underwear is the chosen apparel for cotton and the two possible replacements for that product are banana fibre and hemp. The replacement fibres are more comfortable, have better breathability, moisture absorbency, much lower in cost and 100% biodegradable in comparison to cotton which is essential performance characteristics needed for women’s underwear being a sensitive piece of apparel.However, for nylon, the apparel used is an outdoor men’s jacket. The sustainable alternatives for nylon are tencel and aerogel. The replacement fibres are chosen because they are biodegrada ble, have a good level of strength, abrasion resistant and high in insulation properties; all requirements for an outdoor jacket. The textile industry should adopt a responsible attitude towards the environment and natural resources. Therefore, further development in sustainable production especially with fibres is highly recommended. These suggested replacements should be taken into consideration when producing apparel in the future.Support from all parts of the textile industry is needed to build an eco-friendly and sustainable world. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 PART A – NATURAL FIBRE (COTTON) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Cotton History/Background †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Cotton structure and characteristics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Properties †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Advantages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Disadvantages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Unique to Cotton †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CHOSEN APPAREL CHARACTERISTICS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Women’s Underwear †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Cotton’s role in the chosen apparel – Women’s Underwear †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 REPLACEMENT FIBRE FOR COTTON IN WOMEN’S UNDERWEAR †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Banana Fibre †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Banana fibre â₠¬â€œ alternative for cotton in women’s underwear †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Hemp †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Hemp – alternative for cotton in women’s underwear †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 COMPARISON BETWEEN BANANA FIBRE AND HEMP WITH COTTON †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 PART B – MANMADE FIBRE (NYLON) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Nylon Structure & Characteristics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Properties †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Advantages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 Disadvantages †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Unique to Nylon †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 CHOSEN APPAREL CHARACTERISTICS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Outdoor Jacket †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 REPLACEMENT FIBRE FOR NYLON IN MEN’S OUTDOOR JACKET †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 Tencel †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Tencel – alternative for nylon in Men’s Outdoor Jacket†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 Aerogel †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 24 Aerogels – alternative for nylon in Men’s Outdoor Jacket †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 COMPARISON BETWEEN TENCEL FIBRE AND AEROGEL WITH NYLON †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 CONCLUSION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 RECOMMENDATIONS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 REFERENCES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 29 Books & Journals †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 29 Websites †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 31 INTRODUCTIONWith increasing concerns regarding the effect the textile industry is having on the environment, more and more textile researchers, producers and manufacturers are looking to biodegradable and sustainable fibres as an effective way of reducing the harm disposed textiles have on the environment. (Blackburn,2009) Therefore, the purpose of this work is to explore sustainability issues in fashion and textiles. It identifies the performance characteristics and discusses this from the perspective of the sustainable fibre or fabric alternatives for two major textiles in apparel; cotton and nylon.The study will be carried out in two parts. Part A will discuss the sustainable alternatives for cotton and Part B will discuss the sustainable alternatives for nylon. An apparel is chosen for each fibre respectively. For the cotton fibre, the apparel chosen is women’s underwear and for the nylon fibre the apparel chosen is outdoor men’s jacket. The replacement fibre’s that will be discussed are banana fibre and hemp for cotton while tencel and aerogel as an alternative to nylon. In addition, a detailed analysis of the performance characteristics will be done for eac h replacement fibres.Following to this, a comparison of the two replacement fibres against cotton and polyester will be done bearing in mind the environmental considerations. While this report is about specific types of apparel, it is relevant to anyone who is interested in taking action and cultivating change towards sustainability. The aim is to show that there are options of different ways in which we can go about building long lasting environmental and social quality through the use of more sustainable fibres. 1|PagePART A – NATURAL FIBRE (COTTON) Cotton History/Background Cotton is the most prevalent fiber in the world that has helped shape the history of the world by clothing and protecting countless civilizations and adventurers from the effects of nature. According to a recent article in textile world, cotton claims a 36-percent share of the textile fibers market (Textileworld, 2011). Cotton is grown in more than 100 countries in the world and valued at some $30 billi on US dollars (Anandjiwala, 2007).Cotton requires a sunny environment with moderate rainfall and little frost making the potential of growth in developing countries India, China, Pakistan as well as developed countries such as United States (Anandjiwala, 2007). Cotton is a natural cellulosic fiber, comes from a renewable resource, and is intrinsically biodegradable. Therefore, many consumers believe it is an environmentally responsible product (Chen & Burns, 2006). Renowned for its breathability, comfort, absorbent qualities, strength and versatility, which make it the fiber of choice for numerous apparel articles plus bed sheets, towels and a range of other textile products.This quality also enables cotton fabric to be dyed easily, making it a natural choice for designers. Cotton fabric is available in a plentitude of varieties, such as supremely soft and luxurious Sea Island and Pima cotton, rugged and durable corduroy, industrial strength canvas, light voile and organdy, as well as lustrous sateen and velvet. 2|Page Cotton fabric is also a hugely popular choice for undergarments: it naturally wicks away moisture while retaining breathability. Cotton does not require the maintenance like silk or other fabrics: it does not need to be dry-cleaned and will not be ruined in a rainstorm.However, because the cotton fibers are so porous, shrinkage of the material is a possibility. Cotton structure and characteristics Cotton is a natural cellulosic fibre, meaning that it is vegetable based. Of the vegetable based fibres, cotton can be sub-categorized as a seed-based fibre. This is because cotton fibres grow as hairs on the seed of the cotton plant, Gossypium (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). The fibre is a single plant cell and the structure of the cell is complex (Hatch, 1993). The pod in which the fibres grow is known as a boll.When it reaches maturity (about the size of a walnut), it is harvested and processed. Cotton has a hard and stiff handle. Properties Cotton is cons idered a medium-strength fibre and becomes up to 30% stronger when wet (Kadolph, 2007). Cotton has low elasticity with an elongation capacity of 3% (Kadolph, 2007) Cotton has good moisture absorbency, with natural moisture content of 7% and 21% absorption before dampness can be felt (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). This means that static build-up is low (Kadolph, 2007). A high level of heat conductivity in cotton allows heat to be drawn away from the fibres (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003).Cotton has good resistance to sunlight. Any garment fading is usually due to the quality of the dyestuff and not the cotton fibre (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Cotton is highly resistant to alkalis, though conversely, considerably weakened by acids, particularly strong, inorganic acids (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Organic solvents have no harmful effect (Collier, Bide & Tortora, 2009). 3|Page Advantages Due to its increased strength when wet, it withstands tearing or ripping during laundering (Humphries, 2009) and other ro ugh handling.Because of its inelastic nature, cotton articles should retain their shape (Gore & Vilensky, 2003). High moisture absorbency makes it suitable for use in hot and humid climates. The moisture passes freely through the fabric, aiding evaporation and cooling, making it highly comfortable (Kadolph, 2007). High heat conductivity allows wearers to feel cool in warm weather. It also allows for easy ironing with a hot iron. It is easily sterilised with steam, which has little effect on the fibre (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Due to high sunlight resistance, cotton items can be easily dried in the sun.Because of its high resistance to alkalis, cotton can be easily washed due to the alkaline nature of soaps and detergents (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Disadvantages Low elongation capacity and elastic recovery means that if over-stretched, fibres may not fully recover (Collier, Bide & Tortora, 2009), causing them to go ‘baggy’ (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). It can only recover 75% fr om a 2-5% stretch (Kadolph, 2007). Low resiliency also adds to the wrinkling and creasing nature of cotton garments. A weak internal force within the fibres means creates an inability to pull molecular chains back into original positions (Kadolph, 2007) after pressure.High moisture absorbency causes cotton to be slow-drying. Cotton oxidises in sunlight, causing whites and pastel colours to turn yellow (Kadolph, 2007). Extended exposure in the sun can weaken and deteriorate fabrics (Collier, Bide & Tortora, 2009). Some cotton articles can be susceptible to shrinkage during washing. The agitation of the laundering process causes the fibres to pack in more closely together. Because this is an irreversible process, pre-shrunk fabrics can be bought and used for cotton products (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). 4|PageIn damp, warm and dark conditions, cotton can be prone to biological attack by mould and bacteria. This causes the fibres to weaken and can be destroyed by rotting. If caught early, i t can be removed easily by laundering, though stains may persist (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). They may also be attacked by silverfish, particularly if they are heavily starched (Collier, Bide & Tortora, 2009). Unique to Cotton Cotton can undergo a chemical finish called mercerization, where sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or liquid ammonia (NH3) is used to treat the fibre.This causes a permanent physical change in which the fibres swell, changing its cross-section from kidney-shaped to a rounder, more circular one. This increases the absorbency and improves the dyeability of cotton yarns and fabrics (Kadolph, 2007). The new shape of the fibres give mercerised cotton a distinct soft lustre. 5|Page CHOSEN APPAREL CHARACTERISTICS Women’s Underwear Panties, regardless of the cut and style and the fabric they are made of, are basic items to be found in a woman's lingerie drawer.There are different kinds of panties out there and women do have their preferences as to what type of panties to wea r. Some women own different types to wear for different outfits and different occasions, while some opt for just one or two types and stick to them. Determining your proper panty fit requires knowledge of two components: waist measurement and hip measurement. The hardest part about purchasing lingerie that fits well and looks good, is knowing what to look for. There are so many choices in fabric, style and size to choose from today.Therefore, the apparel chosen for this part of the study is women’s underwear. In specific, one of the most comfortable women’s underwear; cotton French cut panty with 83% cotton/ 17% spandex, fabric content. There are no side seams making the panties extra comfortable. The French cut waistband resists the urge to bunch or fall down. It is also flattering hi cut legs for moderate front coverage. The french cut underwear rises to natural waistline providing full back coverage. 6|Page Cotton’s role in the chosen apparel – Womenâ €™s Underwear The best fabric choice for panties for health reasons is cotton.The reason is that panties with a cotton crotch breathe more naturally. Cotton, not only allows for air circulation but also has good moisture absorbency with natural moisture content of 7% and 21% absorption before dampness can be felt (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003 and the cure book). This means, perspiration is absorbed well making cotton is the best fabric choice for athletic activities. Cotton also has a soft and natural appearance as well has the wicking element keeping your skin dry (Anandjiwala, 2007). Cotton panties are often reasonably priced, last for a while and are comfortable.In addition to that, cotton has no tendency to provoke an allergic reaction as it is a â€Å"non-allergenic† fibre making it suitable for anyone to wear (Anandjiwala, 2007). Garments made out of cotton can be tossed in the washer with little worry because it withstands tearing or ripping during laundering (Humphries, 2009) and other rough handling. Cotton underwear with lycra or spandex keeps its shape the best. Many manufacturers now offer cotton panties in colors, prints and even dress them up with ribbons and lace. REPLACEMENT FIBRE FOR COTTON IN WOMEN’S UNDERWEARAs a product developer, answers to the questions below could help to demonstrate an understanding of the characteristics required in the fibre replacements for a women’s underwear. Will it be as comfortable in general and at the most important area of the panty which is the crotch? Can it conform to the body lines yet not restrain body movements? Will the replacement fibre compromise the fit of the underwear? Is there a change the requirements in wash care? Does the replacement fibre have resistants to shrinkage? 7|Page Can a fashion element be added to garment if the fibre has changed?What are the possible benefits of replacing cotton with another fibre? We ignore many wonderful natural products which have potentiality to become useful textile but were never tried seriously. Considering textile from natural resources the consumption is increasing in such a galloping rate that even renewable resources are becoming nonrenewable. The method of manufacturing textile in the modern era causes pollution to considerable extent. The composites containing plant fibres are important because of their renewable nature, low cost and amenability to chemical and mechanical modifications (Kiruthika, Priyadarzini & Veluraja, 2012).Manufacture of synthetic fibres also causes pollution. For this reason, there is a need to search for non-conventional renewable resource for textile to give an effective solution. Plant fibers have been used for making paper and clothing for a long time and the need for use of natural fibres has increased greatly. Among natural fibres, 90 per cent are of vegetable origin and among them 80 per cent is constituted by cotton and the remaining by other long vegetable fibres like flax, jute, hemp, sisal, ramie, coir, abaca, banana and pineapple fibres.They are classified as minor fibres (Kiruthika, Priyadarzini & Veluraja, 2012). However, this study will demonstrate two of the major fibre’s; banana fibre and hemp as an alternative to cotton in women’s underwear. 8|Page Banana Fibre The bananas or the plantains are essentially hot climate plants. Their original home is said to be the tropical forests of Asia. The plant gives fibre for manufacturing textiles, its leaves are used as plates to serve food besides of course many medicinal virtues in India. The plant grows easily of its own as it sets young shoots.All varieties of banana trees abound in fibres. In fact almost each and every part of this plant gives fibres of various strength, colour, beauty and staple length thus, can be used for various purposes. In the leaf sheaths, coarse and strong fibres are found on the outer ones, fine and silky in the inner most ones and those of the middling quality in the intermediate ones The core, from the roots to the point of its emergence from the covering of the false stem contains an extremely white fine fibre, soft, lustrous and can be processed on jute machinery (Chand, Tiwary & Rohatgi, 1988).The fruit stems contain fibres of a rough variety, while the midribs of the leaves yield a fibre of exceptional strength and durability when properly processed. Individual cells in banana fibres are relatively longer and therefore these sources can produce long fibres (Reddy & Yang, 2005). 9|Page The outer sheaths produce the coarsest fibre. Very often they are very brittle and break at the slightest jerk. The practice is to reject two or three of the outer sheaths. The innermost two or three of the sheaths are also rejected because of the percentage of pulpy matter they contain.Only the intermediate sheaths are exploited for the purpose of fibres (Kulkarni, 1983). About 37 kg (average weight) of stem yields about 1 kg of good quality fibre. The yi eld is about 1-1. 5% of dry fibre. The fibre obtained from the central core is of lower quality. The fresh banana plant yields about 0. 61. 0% of fibre, depending on the variety and method of extraction used. The low cost mechanical device can extract 15 to 20 kg of fibre from the banana waste as compared to 500 g a day by the laborious manual process (Kiruthika, Priyadarzini & Veluraja, 2012).The inherent drawback of banana fibre is its poor quality and higher irregularity, owing to the multi-cellular nature of the fibres. The individual cells are cemented with lignin and hemicellulose and thus form a composite fibre. Banana fibre is classified as medium quality fibre and performs very well in combination with other fibres for making fine articles like handicrafts, currency, etc (The Hindu, 2011). The stronger fibres are ideal for cordages while the weaker white inner fibres are best suited for value added fancy items.They are being produced and exported in India from Kerala and is suitable for manufacturing strings, ropes, cords, cables and ship building thread (Kulkarni, AG, Satyanarayana, Rohatgi & Vijayan,1983). It can also be used to make sacks and packing fabrics as well as mats and rugs. Due to high cellulose and low lignin content, its use in the paper industry to make tissue, filters, specialty nonwoven, document, printing, surgical and hygienic applications, coffee bags, meat casings and more(Kulkarni, AG, Satyanarayana, Rohatgi & Vijayan,1983). Banana Fibre can be used as fibre to manufacture fabrics.It is being used for making bags, table mats, ropes and twines (The Hindu, 2011). The fibre can be powdered and different colours of fibre obtained using natural dyes, which can be made into beautiful pictures. It can be blended 10 | P a g e with other natural fibres or synthetic fibres without any problem to produce large varieties of garments from this fibre. It has good strength and has silk like luster (AsiaPulse News, 25 Aug 2008). It can partly r eplace cotton fibre and hence we can estimate potential for it on the line of estimating demand for cotton fibre.It may be noted that good quality Banana fibre is having strength and luster like silk and in the Philippines various garments are already manufactured from Banana fibres (AsiaPulse News, 25 Aug 2008). Apart from it, Philippines is exporting huge quantity of readymade garments like shirts, kimonos, gowns, nightwear and more. The banana fibres were reported to be elegant and highly versatile. As they do not crumple easily, these fibres have been used in the manufacture of dress materials. The fineness of texture depends on the quality of the fibre used.The material has a beautiful sheen and is used for making wedding gowns and barongs. Hand-extracted fibres have been used to produce handbags, wall hangings, table mats and other fancy articles. The composite material prepared by using banana fibres is purely biodegradable, renewable, non-toxic and potential user-friendly ma terial (Kiruthika, Priyadarzini & Veluraja, 2012). Banana fibre – alternative for cotton in women’s underwear The benefits of wearing banana fibre underwear go beyond the comfort of the fibre.Banana fibre has other unique and amazing properties not found in other fabrics. Banana fibre characteristically enjoys good luster, is lightweight and offers strong moisture absorption which are all necessary performance characteristics needed in underwear. Besides that, the banana fibre is a completely natural fabric, being made from the bark of the banana plant. Also, banana, being a relatively easy fiber to spin, provides the soft, smooth and extremely comfortable result people have come to expect from top quality underwear brands. 1 | P a g e In fact banana fibre has come to be recognized as one of the most comfortable eco friendly fibres ever made, setting the standard high for sustainable fabrics. Since banana fibre is fully origin natural product, it has very good compatib ility with other natural fibres like cotton, coir, pineapple fibres and jute in blending (Fibre to fashion, 2009). Banana fibres are naturally hypoallergenic and is pesticide free; making it the perfect solution for anyone with sensitive, or allergy prone skin.It can be blended with cotton or viscose fibre to produce blended fabric. Banana fibre can also be dyed easily like other natural fibres and cloth made from it can also be dyed and printed like cotton cloth. They do not shrink and the colour doesn't fade after a wash (Times of India, 23 May 2009). It also has exceptional strength and durability when properly processed. The banana fibre also plays a major role in environmental and economic sustainability as it is biodegradable; the textiles are produce from the waste of the plant and do not require much effort to grow. Dr.Rajan P Nachane, Principle Scientist and Head, Quality Evaluation & Improvement Division of Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, says, â€Å" Being completely biodegradable and naturally occurring, the banana fibre products are expected to be in great demand in the international markets as they pose no toxic effects to man and the environment† (Fibre to Fashion, 2009). Recently in 2010, an Australian brand by the name of â€Å"AussieBum† has been the first brand to have used banana fibre in men's underwear; therefore it can be used for women’s underwear as well (PR Newswire, 2010).There are many countries now venturing in to banana fibre to manufacture textiles including India, Japan, Africa and China. 12 | P a g e Aussiebum Advertisement for banana fibre underwear for men Hemp Hemp fiber has been used by mankind to make textiles dating back to the stone age, â€Å"defined by Shultes in 1970 as a green, very abundant and ubiquitous plant, economically valuable and possibly dangerous† (Mussig, Jorg; Stevens, Christian, 2010).While the fiber is one of the most valuable parts of the hemp plant ,com monly referred to as Bast used in the creation of textiles, industrial hemp has a wide range of uses including to paper, cordage, bio-fuel, health food and biodegradable plastics. 13 | P a g e Unlike cotton, hemp requires virtually no chemicals like pesticides, herbicides (Miraftab et al, 2007). It is can be grown practically anywhere from northern latitudes to tropical climates and is naturally resistant to most pests and grows very densely (Mussig, Jorg; Stevens, Christian, 2010).From a cost perspective, hemp is less expensive to farm because of its minimal growth requirements. The valuable bast fibers, which give the plant its strength, are contained within the hollow wood-like core of the plants stalk under the outer most bark and runs the length of the plant anywhere from 3 to 15 ft long (Kadolph, 2010). The primary fibers average 8†³ in length and can be spun or woven into a fine linen-like type fabric. These fibers are now commonly blended with other fibers such as flax, cotton, wool, linen or silk. Hemp can be weaved as intricately as lace, smooth as silk or as coarse as burlap (Global Hemp, 2000).Modern hemp blends created today for the garment industry are cool to touch and comfortable to wear. While hemp garments are often comparatively more expensive than those made from cotton due to higher processing costs and limited quantities, its superiority is clear. One of the most commonly known attributes about hemp fiber is its exceptional tensile strength (Anandjiwala, 2007). In addition, the fiber is naturally antimicrobial and resistant to ultraviolet light as well as mold, mildew, heat and insects which makes it excellent for outdoor wear.The fiber is not only many times more durable than cotton but warmer, softer and more water absorbent. This also makes hemp more absorbent to dyes and thus less prone to fading. Hemp garments can be dyed or left in a â€Å"natural† state, which means no dye at all. When left un-dyed, garments come in var ying shades of beige which is the natural color of the hemp fibers after processing. The primary countries supplying hemp to the US include China, Hungary, Thailand, Romania and Chile with production coming from other nations including Australia, England, Canada and New Zealand as well. 4 | P a g e Hemp – alternative for cotton in women’s underwear The advantages of hemp as a replacement for women’s cotton underwear are numerous. Hemp’s fibers are longer and stronger than cotton, each hemp fiber is a foot long or greater, compared to two to four inches for the best cotton fibers. What’s more, hemp fibers are hollow like linen, which means that it breathes and cools as well as linen and better than cotton, yet is more durable and stronger than cotton which fits the bill as performance characteristic required in underwear.Moreover, fabrics made from hemp do not compromise human health or the environment in their production as it requires far less wat er, fertilizer and pesticides than cotton to grow. Besides that, hemp has excellent insulating properties that keep you warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Hemp fibers actually soften with each washing without fiber degradation, hence a longer wash care life cycle. Hemp production uses significantly less chemicals than cotton which makes it more sustainable and naturally more suitable for people with chemical sensitivities.The fiber is completely biodegradable, holds its shape as good as polyester but also has breathability. Eco-friendly methods of both dyeing and finishing have been developed for this fibre as well. Famous Levi Strauss used a light weight hemp canvas for its original pair of jeans. Since that time, hemp has been used to make many types of garments and accessories. Big names such as Patagonia, Adidas, Calvin Klein, Giorgio Armani and Ralph Lauren have recently marketed products made from hemp. Hemp is a miraculous fibre, it is a sustainable, easily renewable resource and is used for food, clothing, energy and more (Miraftab et al, 2007). 5 | P a g e COMPARISON BETWEEN BANANA FIBRE AND HEMP WITH COTTON Properties Fibre: Length Fineness Handle Strength Wrinkle recovery Drape Luster Moisture absorbency Thermal properties Wash care stability General durability General comfort Breathability Non-allergenic Relative cost Biodegradability Cultivation properties: Water consumption Harvest frequency Cotton Short staple fibre Banana Fibre Hemp Medium to very long staple fibre Very fine to coarse Very soft to medium, cool Strong to Very Strong Poor to Fair Fair Poor Very Good Very Good Very Good Good Good Excellent Yes Low Excellent degradationMedium to long staple fibre Fine Fine to coarse Medium to hard, Soft to medium, cool cool Strong to Very Strong Strong Poor Poor to Fair Poor Good Poor Good Good Good Fair Good Good Good Yes Low Slow degradation Very Good Good Good Good Good Excellent Yes Low Excellent degradation High Once a year Low As many throughout year Almost none Requires humidity Low times the Twice a year Almost none Can be grown under any weather conditions Makes the soil fertile and cultivable for other crops 16 | P a g e Chemicals and High Pesticides Growing conditions Requires humidityAffects on land No crop rotation of growth No crop rotation PART B – MANMADE FIBRE (NYLON) Nylon Structure & Characteristics Nylon is a man-made fibre, made from synthetic polymers. It is also known as polyamide because it belongs to the family of amide compounds (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). It is melt-spun. Nylon is available in multifilament, monofilament, staple and tow (untwisted bundle) varieties. Nylon fibres are transparent unless they have been delustred or dyed (Kadolph, 2007). Nylon gives a medium to hard handle (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003).Properties Nylon has excellent strength, though it may lose up to 20% strength when wet, though this usually has no effect on garments as the fibre is so strong. It could be conside red one of the strongest fibres (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003, Kadolph, 2007). Nylon has excellent abrasion resistance. Nylon has high elastic recovery and high elongation. It can fully recover from an 8% stretch, and 91% from a 16% stretch, immediately (Kadolph, 2007). Whilst having the highest moisture absorbency of the synthetic fibres, it is not very hydrophobic. It has natural moisture content between 2. -5%, and can absorb up to 7% before feeling damp (Kadolph, 2007, Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Nylon is an insulator of heat. 17 | P a g e Nylon is an incredibly light fibre (Kadolph, 2007). Nylon is resistant to alkalis though may yellow with repeated exposure. Nylon is not resistant to acids (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Resistance to sunlight is fair to good but prolonged exposure to sunlight is not advisable as it can weaken fibres. Nylon is resistant to biological attack by insects and fungi, though food soil on carpets may attract insects, and fungal growth may appear on soiled articles in humid conditions (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003, Kadolph, 2007).Advantages Excellent abrasion resistance allows nylon articles to be durable and resilient, and resistant to pilling, shedding, fading, abrasion, soil and stains. High elasticity and elongation of nylon allow it to have very good wrinkle recovery, making it an excellent fibre for hosiery type uses. It also adds to minimise the appearance of bagginess or excessive garment distortion (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). It also has contributes utility in carpets where fibres need to spring back after compression, meaning traffic paths do not develop quickly (Kadolph, 2007).Its low moisture absorbency allows nylon garments to be quick drying. Slight wrinkles in garments disappear on wearing from body heat (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Nylon can be heat-set due to its thermoplastic nature, meaning permanent pleats, creases and embossed designs can be made (Kadolph, 2007). Heat-setting and the low-absorbency of nylon means that shrinkage is low (Ka dolph, 2007). The lightness of nylon combined with its strength, makes nylon an appropriate fibre for action wear and sports gear (Kadolph, 2007).Alkaline resistance leads to easy-care of the garments (Kadolph, 2007). Nylon is dry-cleanable (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). 18 | P a g e Disadvantages Low moisture absorbency means that nylon can become transparent when wet (with perspiration), and clammy in warm, humid conditions (Kadolph, 2007), making it uncomfortable to wear unless worn over an absorbent-fibred article. It also means that static electricity is readily generated (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Prolonged laundering above hot temperatures and repeated ironing can yellow nylon (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003).One must take care when laundering under hot temperatures as nylon’s heat-setting ability can manifest permanent wrinkles which are impossible to remove without causing some fabric distortion (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Nylon’s low resistance to acids can cause yellowing due t o deterioration and dulling of colour. This can occur from industrial air pollution or from perspiration. Bleaching accelerates yellowing in nylon (Gohl & Vilensky, 2003). Unique to Nylon During spinning, different shapes can be extruded through the spinneret, giving nylon fibres different, sometimes more natural, qualities.The regular cross-section shape of nylon is round. Non-round fibres (such as trilobal, pentalobal and voided fibres) are used generally for upholstery and carpets as round fibres reveal soil and look dirty very quickly, therefore giving products a clean look, even if soiled. This is because non-round shapes are able to scatter the light to hide soil, and also duplicates the matte luster of wool and other natural fibres (Kadolph, 2007). 19 | P a g e CHOSEN APPAREL CHARACTERISTICS Outdoor Jacket Outdoor Jackets, is generally an apparel to be found in a man’s wardrobe especially in cool climate countries or those who are active in sports.There are different k inds of outdoor jackets out there for different purposes. Some men do have their preferences as to what type of jackets to wear. Some men own different types jackets to wear for different purposes, while some opt for just one or two types of common ones and stick to them. Determining the correct outdoor jacket requires some knowledge regarding fabrics and apparel accessories for different weather conditions and sports. The hardest part about purchasing an outdoor jacket is getting the right kind of jacket for the right purpose without worrying about the elements during the sport or weather condition.There are so many choices in fabric, style and size to choose from today. Therefore, the apparel chosen for this part of the study is men’s outdoor jacket. In specific, one of the most common multipurpose men’s outdoor jacket; consisting of 100% nylon fabric content. The jacket has a thermal reflective lining that boosts your body’s heat retention 20 | P a g e keepin g you warm. It comes complete with an adjustable storm hood, draw cord hem and venting zips, making it perfect for outdoor adventures in adverse conditions.REPLACEMENT FIBRE FOR NYLON IN MEN’S OUTDOOR JACKET Nylon is used in this apparel as it is an exceptionally strong material, with low-absorbency and elastic characteristics. It can be dyed easily and is simple to wash, a big plus for outdoor wear. This resilient fabric is very typical in the outerwear market; again, despite its many benefits, a supplementary coating is often added to nylon fabrics to increase their protective capabilities. Like polyester, nylon is woven into different material weights, which is indicated by a gauge measurement (ie. 80g polyester).The waterproof/breathability rating issued by the manufacturer is the easiest way to determine whether a particular jacket will work under your desired conditions (Kadolph, 2010). It has some level of water-resistance. To ensure that there aren't even the slightes t holes made by stitching the fabric together, manufacturers usually seal the seams of the garments to prevent any moisture from creeping in to the most exposed areas of the garment: the shoulders, arms and side seams on jackets. Critically taped seams are good enough under most conditions, though fully taped seams will offer the highest amount of protection to the earer under the foulest conditions. Windproof or wind-resistant fabrics are made by weaving the fibers of the material extra tightly to prevent wind from penetrating the garment and reaching the wearer (Lyle,1982). 21 | P a g e Tencel Tencel is a natural, manmade fibre made from eucalyptus wood pulp from sustainable tree farms, which is also referred to as lyocell The wood pulp is processed in a non? toxic organic solvent solution that is reclaimed and recycled in a closed? loop spinning process that conserves energy and water. Up to 99 percent of the solvent is recovered and reused (Kadolph, 2010).Furthermore, the proces s by which the fibers are made into fabric is environment friendly, 100% biodegradable. Tencel fabric is an astonishing eco friendly fabric making the landmark in the development of environmentally sustainable textiles. Tencel textiles are created though the use of nanotechnology in an award-winning closed-loop process that recovers or decomposes all solvents and emissions (Mak et al, 2006). The advantage of Tencel clothing is the variety and exceptional comfort you can experience. The main benefit of clothing made from this unique fabric is the moisture and temperature control it offers to the wearer.Wood pulp is naturally designed to absorb moisture for the tree’s survival; the fibers that are made into cloth do the same. Furthermore, these versatile Tencel fibers blend well with other fibers such as wool and cotton to create textiles more durable, soft, and moisture controlling than man-made fibers. Tencel clothing provides maximum comfort whether indoors or outdoors. Tenc el is an especially smooth fiber, and has softness comparable to cotton and silk. 22 | P a g e The nanofibrils can also be altered to create fabrics that feel like suede, silk, denim, or as though they had been treated for a peach-skin finish (Mak et al, 2006).Tencel – alternative for nylon in Men’s Outdoor Jacket There are many benefits of Tencel as a replacement for men’s outdoor jacket. According to recent dermatological studies, wearing clothing made of Tencel significantly improves comfort and promotes a feeling of well being (Diepgen, 2004). Also, Tencel is chemical free, an important factor for sensitive skin and people with allergies. The fabric pulls moisture directly from the skin and releases it into the air. Synthetic materials such as nylon do not take in moisture at all, but leave a film on the skin’s surface. Sports and outdoor textiles of 100% synthetic fibers can lead to higher skin and body temperatures and thus to a reduction in the ath lete’s performance. † (Lenzing website). While cotton absorbs moisture, Tencel is 1 ? times as absorbent. Moreover, it fibrillates during wet processing to produce special textures (Kadolph, 2010). Cotton and nylon can both leave moisture on the skin in humid weather; however Tencel does not, ensuring that bacteria will never get a chance to form between the fabric and the skin (Schuster et al, 2006). This makes Tencel a truly safe fabric for all skin types and even for babies.The fiber is economical in its use of energy and natural resources, and is fully biodegradable. †The use of Tencel improves the thermal insulation of outdoor clothing† (Lenzing website). The heat loss experienced in a cold environment is much lower in the side with Tencel than in the side containing only polyester or nylon which is a good performance characteristic needed for outdoor jackets. Waddings of Tencel can be warmer than those of polyester even with the same thickness. This gi ves more options in terms of garment styling, freedom of movement, as well as optimum wear comfort (Schuster et al, 2006). 3 | P a g e Aerogel Aerogel has exceptional physical properties such as extremely low thermal conductivity, low sound speeds, low dielectric constant and high optical transparency, which make its materials highly suitable for a wide variety of applications such as thermal insulation for extreme weather gear, space suits, cryogenic pipes, space shuttles and more (Technical Apparel, 2005). â€Å"Aerogels belong to a fascinating class of nanoporous materials derived by sol-gel technique which possess sophisticated potentialities for a range of applications† (Fricke, 1986). The term â€Å"aerogel† is composed of â€Å"air† and â€Å"gel†.A gel consists of two components, a gel scaffold and a filling medium. In case of the aerogel, the filler is simply air. Aerogel is manufactured by delicately removing the liquid from a silica alcogel by super-critical drying, replacing it with nothing but air, which makes up 99. 8% of the final product Some aerogels have a density as low as 0. 001 grams per cubic centimeter (Thermablok website). Aerogels are characterized by exceptional physical properties such as; extremely low thermal conductivity and weight, low sound speeds, low dielectric constant and high optical transparency (Fricke, 1986). High surface area porous materials from aerogels are of great importance especially as catalyst, catalyst supports, thermal insulators, sensors, filters, electrodes and burner materials† (Hermann et al,1995). Aerogels unique properties can be extremely helpful in designing flexible and lightweight insulation materials from textiles. The attractive energy absorbing properties of aerogels may lead to their use in various applications. 24 | P a g e Aerogels – alternative for nylon in Men’s Outdoor Jacket There are many advantages of using Aerogels as a replacement for men ’s outdoor jacket.Aerogel has the highest insulating performance, therefore can be used for the development of wide variety novel high performance products such as outdoor jackets (Thermablok website). It is a good property to have for protection from extreme cold weather conditions and keep the body warm. Aerogel is also has minimum weight and thickness allowing flexibility in fashion and design options. One of the extraordinary properties that he discovered was their very low thermal conductivity (Aerogel website). Aerogel also is a very durable fibre and can be washed in normal wash cycle and maintains performance under load. It is strong and flexible for emanding outdoor conditions (Hermann et al, 1995). The production and use of silica aerogels is environmentally benign. No significantly hazardous wastes are produced during their production. The disposal of silica aerogels is perfectly natural. In the environment, they quickly crush into a fine powder that is essentially identical to one of the most common substances on Earth, namely, sand. Additionally, silica aerogels are completely non-toxic and non-flammable. If they eventually find their way into widespread use as protective materials, they could eliminate a very large amount of unwanted plastic materials (Aerogel website). 5 | P a g e COMPARISON BETWEEN TENCEL FIBRE AND AEROGEL WITH NYLON Properties Strength Abrasion Moisture absorbency Insulation properties Thermal properties Wash care stability General durability General comfort Breathability Non-allergenic Biodegradability Nylon Good Resistant Poor Good Low Good Good Poor Fair No Not biodegradable Tencel Good Resistant Poor Good Moderate Fair Good Excellent Good Yes Aerogel Very good Resistant Poor Excellent Low Very good Excellent Excellent Good No Excellent degradation Excellent degradation 6 | P a g e CONCLUSION Man has always exploited the resources available to improve or develop their clothing. However, this report provides a new vie w to alternative textiles and the exciting breakthroughs that were made in creating fibres that not only have the performance characteristics but also to be more sustainable and environmentally sound. Throughout the report, compelling ideas of replacement fibres are suggested working towards a new fashion ethic. Fibres are a critical component in textiles.An increasing interest has develop recently about the raw materials sourcing and production by the consumers, brands and retailers. It covers all aspects from water consumption, land usage and relative environmental impact. Sustainability is a global megatrend; an essential attribute of today’s textile and clothing industry. Knowledge, skills and commitment are required in the process of transforming textile industry into more sustainable one. Use of Sustainable fibres in textiles is a part of this process and a step towards this milestone.Fibres like cotton and nylon fibres have a high consumption in energy and environment as well as landfill. Therefore, alternative options of fibres should be considered to incorporate issues that related to sustainability. Fibers suggested in the report such as banana fibre, hemp, tencel and aerogel are good for the planet because it is low in environmental impact. Some of the fibres have better performance characteristics than cotton and nylon. The damage which takes place during some of step for production of textiles for the apparel industry has also been discussed in the report.The use of these fibres in the apparel industry is rather limited. However, these fibres have potential to be used in fashion apparel and also other industries. Fashion is the name of change and change is the part of life. People’s desires and needs have no limits and companies are continuously striving to fulfill the consumer needs. Many fashion companies are working on this platform from hundreds of years, but technology and innovations change the company thinking and also surroun dings change the people trends and 27 | P a g e arieties of products born in comparison to both changes. Consumers are becoming aware of sustainable concerns and want sustainable products that work for environment. Many fashion companies are still working with conventional cotton products and making a lot of fashion products with multiple designs and colors. But these things are not workable for a long time. Customers are becoming aware day by day and want products that are good for their skin and bring comfort for them. And this learning makes customer aware about harmful and hazardous products they are using in their daily life.The future of textile industry will depend on the products that have reduced environmental and social burdens during their entire product life cycle. A part of this is the introduction of sustainable materials that will reduce these impacts during their growth and processing. And this report will provide fashion companies good knowledge of sustainable fiber s (the raw material for their products) and brief description about their properties to support the use of these fibers in their product that will serve the society as well as environment. RECOMMENDATIONS 1.The report is an option for textile companies or retailers to consider options available to them to make informed decisions on alternative fibre choices for the selected apparel. 2. Some of the alternative fibres have new and unique elements that can be beneficial in the terms of design, fashion and functionability that can be considered 3. Textile companies or retailers as well as brands are only focusing on creating ecofriendly textiles with organic cotton or wool and not other replacement fibres that could be more environment friendly, it is recommended that companies research further on it 4.The banana fibre is a fibre that has not been experimented in many countries yet it cost effective and eco friendly, it is recommended that companies could look in to growing banana fibre to increase the natural sustainable plant 5. The fibre’s suggested will help fashion companies to diversify their businesses 28 | P a g e REFERENCES Books & Journals Anandjiwala, R. D. , (2007) Textiles For Sustainable Development, Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. Blackburn, R. S. (2009) Sustainable textiles: Life cycle and environmental impact, Taylor & Francis.Chand, N, Tiwary, RK & Rohatgi, PK (1988) ‘Bibliography Resource structure properties of natural cellulosic fibres — an annotated bibliography', Journal of Materials Science, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 381-7. Chen, H-L & Burns, L. D. , (2006) ‘Environmental Analysis of Textile Products', Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 248-61. Collier, B. J. , Bide, M. J. , Tortora, P. G. , (2009) Understanding Textiles, Seventh Edition, Pearson Education Inc. , New Jersey, USA Dermatological study of the textile compatibility of TENCEL ®, 2004, Univ. -Prof. Dr. T. L. Diepgen, Heidelber g, GermanyEngineering Science Paper, (2012) Study on Performance and Application of Banana Fiber and Banana/Cotton Blended Knitted Fabrics Gohl, E. P. G. , Vilensky, L. 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C. , Suchomel, F. , Manner, J. , Abu-Rous, M. and Firgo, H. (2006), Functional and Comfort Properties of Textiles from TENCELFibres Resulting from the Fibres' Water-Absorbing Nanostructure: A Review. Macromol. Symp. , 244: 149–165. doi: 10. 1002/masy. 200651214 Technical Apparel (2005), Design News, 60, 18, p. 56, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 4 September

MINI PROJECT 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MINI PROJECT 2 - Essay Example They frequently fantasize about having stable, close and long-term relationship with their children and the mother of their children even without marriage. Although most of them view marriage issues positively at the time when children are born, they are also informed that the marriage entails sacrifice and restraint. A married man has to shoulder financial responsibility and at the same time relinquish sexual freedom. Without marriage unmarried men find it challenging to maintain a relationship with their mother. Fathers more often have little contact with their children and are more likely to reach their 30s with complicated lives. Most unmarried women always seek independence and think they can’t find it in marriage. They don’t want to be controlled and may end up getting children out of wedlock and raise them as single parents. Conservative lawmakers tend to establish strong values and norms that encourage and support young men to get married. They view unmarried men as irresponsible and confused. They feel that men are supposed to get married early and take care of their families. Liberal lawmakers on the other hand view marriage from a different perspective. They believe marriage is a choice and being unmarried is

HomeWork Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HomeWork - Assignment Example The oversupply of oil that cause the supply curve of diesel oil to shift while demand is constant as illustrated graphically above that eventually cause prices to go down as explained by Nadler-Kafferlin Economic Consulting, Group, Inc. According to the dealer of Park Company, the change in prices of gas is not only from changes in normal demand and supply curves, but because it is a complementary good of gas trucks. Thus, changes in price of one good result in effects on the maintenance cost of the other good. More significantly, the increased supply in gas for the next ten years will lead to a decrease in price levels, as the demand levels remain the same. As a complementary good, the cheap prices of gas will be from increased supply and inelastic demand that later causes maintenance of power trucks to be low in the market making it a viable option. It is considerable that changes in price levels in the short run average cost curve always add up together as combined costs in the long-run average cost curve. Based on Nadler-Kafferlin Economic Consulting, Group, Inc advice it is expected that price levels of the diesel oil in the market would change thus, leading to price decreases that will consequently lead to a decrease in the short run average curve. In the end, Ashland Long Haul costs of maintaining the diesel trucks will change over the short run period leading to shift in the eventual long run average cost curve as shown below in the graph where subsets of short run curve lead to the eventual long run curve. More significantly, changes in the prevailing natural gas prices are expected in the next ten years. Therefore, the maintenance cost of gas trucks that remain as a complementary good of natural gas is high currently because the level of changes in the price levels are currently high thus, short run average costs remain high. However, as the price levels change in the end the average

The Depression of the 1930s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Depression of the 1930s - Essay Example The proposals of NBS was for the largest ever tax increase, distend tariffs, massive welfare economics of public works projects, controlling of wages and prices and hiking bank reserve requirement. This lead to worse economic problems for the country than was expected. The economic depression of the 1930s was due to the emergence of managerial capitalism and the mass consumption. The Americans thought that the recession was caused by a myriad of issues among them ;the crash of the stock market, failure of the banks, reduction in the purchasing across the block ,the American economic policy with Europe which had direct constraints to their well being in economic matters and the drought conditions in the Mississippi The Sherman Antitrust act and other Antitrust laws The antitrust law faced a lot of backlash especially for the big businesses leading to the continuing of the monopolistic and oligopolistic characteristics of the big businesses. The antitrust laws did not spell out the cle ar business conducts and stipulate the regulations of the businesses. The antitrust laws allowed for the formation of mergers of the co operations into single and multinational entities which developed and became great entities in the 21st century creating great stumbles to other players in the sector of the related businesses globally. Despite the antitrust laws there were numerous mergers in 1899 and the 1901 .This lead to great effects into the future of big businesses in the USA in the later centuries. The antitrust laws lead to the creation and the development of organizational management and management capitalism to deal with the running and managing of large businesses and cooperation coming as a result of the formation of big business mergers. The question of whether the antitrust laws were a failure or not has left a lot of debate on the issue whether it was a failure or not. Most of the players in the market and within the economy believe that it was never a failure. Polit ical, business and economic historians believe that it was not a failure. The laws did not fail in achieving their intended purposes in the regulation of the market and the economy of the USA. The antitrust laws however increased and enhanced the degree at which companies became concentrated and became more monopolistic and oligopolistic hence affecting the rate of equity and fairness in the running of big businesses within the economy of the state. From this law the people of America learnt to live in an environment of big businesses and imperfect completion within the market set up in their economy. Emergence of Managerial capitalism and the Visible hand of the Market The development of the management as explained by Chandler meant that the management had shifted from that which was organized and decentralized to individuals to an approach that is centralized and one which is centralized to few individuals in an organization with numerous managerial and decision making structures. The management is thus taken into the hands of accountants and managers which are answerable to the shareholders and their specific interests. The managements of the GM adopted a vertical and horizontal integration approach in the running of the organization in the early years without much planned and prepared strategies as a way out of the economic constraints

Information Systems for Management- Research Conference Paper Essay

Information Systems for Management- Research Conference Paper - Essay Example Although there will be a good deal of positive emphasis on CRM's there will also include the other view point concerning the challenging areas that need improvements such as: project management, data conversion, customer relationships within the business, and the integrity of the CRM as a whole process. As stated previously, CRM's projectile aim is to consider the customer/business relationship first and foremost (ORC Macro, 2005). How a CRM goes about providing a company with a successful customer/business partnership is quite simple. It consists of a business process that uses correlating software along with traditional marketing methods such as: sales and other supportive measures to "retain and improve customer loyalty" (Penner & Ginsky, 2005). This type of strategy has proven very promising as a recent survey taken shows that 81% of some of the most reputable corporations have initiated CRM programming in the past three years and now have promising sketches to expand their basic CRM capabilities into 2004 through 2005 (Microsoft Business Solutions 2004, p.4). Factual evidence offers validity that CRM implementation is indeed on the rise and because of it almost 50% of firms utilizing CRM's services have had their revenue stack up very competitively against their competition over the past four years (Microsoft Business Solutions 2004, pp.1-4). Great prospects are available for CRM adaptation, which will soon be understood much more comprehensively through the research in this paper. CRM, in an integral whole part, forms the sound base structure for corporations to improve their already existing software systems. This creates a whole new highway of business which will be discussed later throughout this research project. Another area of focus this research will attempt to explore is the top three competitors which offer the services of CRM. These are: Oracle, Siebel and Sap, three of the most influential corporations offering some of the finest and top-notch software for all levels of companies. The main company focus will be Oracle due to the fact that it happens to be the most prestigious and quantifiable software corporation offering Integrated Customer Relationship Management solutions (Oracle, 2005). It happens to offer the most accurate, up-to-date key tools for customer success and the best thing is all entities within a company can draw on one main data source, if Oracle is the software of choice. Also, another reason the focus is so heavily on Oracle is due to the verifiable ability the software presents in assisting companies with their; "revenue, interaction costs, and customer relations" which stand unprecedented (Oracle, 2005). Study shows that this corporation leads Siebel and Sap, (han ds down), quite possibly due to the more user friendly interface of the system as well as the company's validated software track record also. The main purpose and aim of this research is to give validation and provide information into how CRM implementation aids in the long term success of a company. The fact that CRM does provide substantial assistance to companies in regards to building a more personal relationship with each customer, based on their own individual needs, and

International Relations discussion 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Relations discussion 2 - Essay Example Realism and Radicalism seem to provide relatively less effective framework for a better understanding of international systems, because Realism perceives role of selfishness and self interested to dominate on others. As far as Radicalism or Marxism is concerned, it also keeps almost same view that people are motivated by self-interest. Answer to question- 2 Domestic factors like goals and objectives, national interest and priorities, societal influence etc play significant roles in the implementation of the foreign policy. The objective of the foreign policy can be perceived to be a future vision. Who get involved in the foreign policy and analyzing societal influences on it are also highly important factors in determining the foreign policy. Similarly, structure of the government, mainly in relation to finding whether it maintains openness, how are the people in that country and how are the prevailing political and strategic culture also determine the foreign policy (Russett, Starr, and Kinsella 2009). Answer to question-3 Nationalism is psychological, cultural and social forces that influence the formation of a nation.

Coach-athlete Relationship in Soccer Coursework

Coach-athlete Relationship in Soccer - Coursework Example Whether a boy athlete or a girl, every individual sportsperson enjoys a special relationship with his/her coach depending upon the exposure introduced by the coach to the athlete. This relationship allows the young athlete to explore his coach and understand his behaviours and moods as mutual understanding is essential in order to maintain a healthy coach-athlete association. Talent development is more vital than building sports ability levels. Expert coaches know when to push players and when to reduce the intensity of training and their expectations. However, no real evidence has been established to guide the coach or the athlete on how far they should push a young player towards attaining appropriate level of intensity. Moreover, the tolerance levels and subsequent benefit to individual young players may require individual attention (e.g. physiological and psychological requirements). In this sense coaches tend to be reliant on personal craft knowledge and experience. Moderation of effort and potential 'drop out' may occur if harmony does not exist between coach and player. Some effort should be made to prevent this loss of talent by encouraging the player to gradually return to systematic training. The coach-athlete relationship is based on shared interests in accomplishing a task rather than on a personal or emotional issue. However it is the potential impact of the coach on the child's socialisation, development and progression that leads him towards success. Introduction There is no doubt that Soccer Academy has played a vital role in the development of young talent (Franks et al., 1999) and it would not be wrong to say that the Academy so far hires the leading coaches and trainers for the young athletes. Soccer Academy coaches' and management both appreciates that identifying young talented soccer players at an early stage and exposing talented players to specialised coaching and training accelerates and enhances the talent development process (Williams et al., 1999). The primary objective of the Academy is to groom the players towards success on the playing field. In this sense, success is inextricably linked with sound management, effective coaching, appropriate facilities and support mechanisms and, fundamentally, good quality players. The nature and function of elite youth player development are captured in this essay through highlighting the effectiveness of coach-athlete relationship. More specifically, by drawing on examples of good practice , some fundamental mechanisms and requirements of a successful coach are outlined. The more humanistic concepts of development emphasise a more caring and nurturing environment in which coach and athletes are encouraged to groom in a friendly environment. The elements of the athlete developmental process not only provide opportunities for soccer career, but also facilitate the production of a more intelligent player. The production of an intelligent player can provide 'added value' to an increasingly valuable commodity (e.g. an understanding of lifestyle management, self-awareness, an ability to respond to complex tactics and coach relations) (Richardson, 1999). Although no real evidence exists as to how this added value is realised within individual

An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in UK Firms Dissertation

An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in UK Firms - Dissertation Example Other than the research design, studies need to provide an understanding of the research rationale, sample and sampling procedure, data and collection methods, as well as the data analysis process. The following chapter provides a deeper analysis of the methodology employed in conducting this study. Research Design Approach Research studies take the form of qualitative, quantitative, or both. Whereas quantitative designs use numerical data, qualitative designs use non-numerical data and information to make analysis towards achieving the aim of the study. In order to realise the objectives of this research, a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research approaches was employed. On the one hand, the study utilized available research data on the subject of CSR policy and performance among major corporations in the UK. In order to identify a sample space to draw information from, a recent research by Highflier’s Research (2011) on the Top 100 Graduate Employers in the UK for the year 2011 and 2012 was used. Secondary data and information regarding CSR in respect to UK firms provided a good foundation and basis for conducting a detailed analysis hence conclusions and recommendations. Apart from the use of secondary data especially the research study conducted by Highflier’s Research (2011), the study also collected additional information and data from the available literature that addresses the concepts and aspects of CSR with respect to UK firms. Such literatures formed the bigger part of the literature review section. Specific information obtained from the various literatures included the CSR policy frameworks as well as performance of UK firms in respect to the same strategic move. The literatures... The research selects three firms, Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury and uses them to represent the entire population. These firms are UK-based and of late have been seen as very successful in respect to CSR policies and performances. The sampling method that was used was the stratified sampling, which involves selecting specific firms that have heard significant impact, whether positive or negative, on the business environment on the basis of the topic under discussions. The three firms formed the case studies that needed to be analyzed in order to arrive at the conclusion. However, there were information and data required regarding the client’s perception on the firms’ CSR policies and performances. Again, it was difficult to conduct interviews on all the clients of the three firms. Consequently, 150 clients were selected randomly and a semi-structured interview was performed on them identifying firstly the firm of choice and then their views on the CSR policies as well as per formances. As much as we praise the importance of CSR practices to the organisation, the ultimate effectiveness of such practices is best felt by the public. It is true that interviewing senior corporate managers can serve good in understanding the environment underpinning their CSR policies. Nevertheless, this option is both resource consuming and might be subject to faked information as managers strive to safeguard their business secrets. On the other hand however, company clients are more open in airing their views on businesses and their practices

Employee-Organisation Relationship in Working Performance Essay

Employee-Organisation Relationship in Working Performance - Essay Example This study makes two major contributions to the academia and to the business community, which are as follows: A). Even though there are many studies that have focused on the topic of employee-organization relationship, most of them are based on different perspectives (e.g. organizational politics, strategic role of globalization, human resource management practices). Only a few studies have studied the employee-organization relationship from the perspective of inducement and contribution. Only a few studies have used the grass-roots employees as a basis to evaluate how to motivate employees, and then how to attain sustainable competitive advantages for an organization. Therefore, this study specifically looks at grass-roots employees as a basis, and thus will make some fresh contribution to the area of employee-organization relationship. B). Samples for this study are generally from China. The labour sources will be grass-roots employees with fewer inducements as this makes it easier to collect the realistic primary data with regard to the other mediating variables (such as organizational trust and organizational justice). Many developed countries, particularly multinational enterprises are likely to produce parts of their products in China to benefit from cheap labour sources. Therefore, this study also offers suggestions on how to effectively and efficiently motivate grass-roots employees in China for these large multinational enterprises. ... Nonetheless, attitude and behaviours of individuals in an organisation have also been identified as important factors to repair organisational trust. The findings also suggest that justice implies employee involvement and this boosts staff morale as they feel recognized and valued. Organisational trust is also responsible for job satisfaction that employees feel thereby enhancing performance. Key Words: employee-organisational relationship, organisational justice, equity, organisational trust, employee working performan ce. With the rapid development of the economy, the acceleration of globalisation and increased overseas business activities by multinational enterprises, the definition of organisational trust too has undergone tremendous change. Gibbons (2004) believes that organisational trust can be automatically generated through friendships. Organisations are required not only to keep high levels of friendship with their employees, but also to improve relationships with customers, suppliers as well as business partners. Olekalns and Smith (2005) assert that organisational trust is a key element in organisations. This is because it facilitates bargaining and negotiation while reducing transactional costs in inter-firm exchanges (Bharadwaj and Matsuno, 2006) and resolves international political conflicts (Kelman, 2005). Even in Poon's (2003) study, the issue of organisational trust is seen as the antecedent of organisational politics.

The Fall Of Rome Essay Example for Free

The Fall Of Rome Essay During period of government of Diocletian, Roman Empire gains more and more features of Western despotism. In order to strengthen the government, to regulate management of provinces Diocletian (284-303) makes complex of reforms: Administrative – he divides empire into Western and Eastern (final division in year 395); territory of Empire is divided into 10 dioceses (120 provinces); Tax – instead of indirect taxes (which were quite numerous and badly-collected) he promotes the one land- poll-tax in money or natural form (corn, wine, etc); Financial – he starts promotion of valuable golden coin (together with silver and copper, which were already in use); Military – he divides the army into internal armies, border armies and praetorian guards; increases quantity of army for 1/3; provides recruitment; increases the army at account of barbarians. Such reforms although couldn’t stop collapse of â€Å"colossus with clay legs†, which the Roman Empire became in 4-5 centuries, but slowed down its collapse for 1.5 centuries more. Army, officialdom and Christian church (Christianity becomes the government religion in the 4th century) – these are three foundations for Roman Empire of those years. In 476 the chief of German mercenaries uncrowns the last emperor Romulus Augustulus (The Collapse’ Chronology). Title of emperor and the very Empire finishes its existence. The reasons of fall of Rome were as follows: Increase of centrifugal tendencies in provinces; crisis of slave-holding way of manufacturing; appearance of elements of feudal society (colonate); Barbarian invasion (Germans, Hunnes, etc); the government changed into giant mechanism which exhausted their nationals, which often met Barbarians not as invaders, but as liberators; Period of antiquity finished; ‘medium evum’ the new à ©poque in the history of mankind started. What were opinions of historians and other prominent people for fall of Rome? Montesquieu saw the main reason of fall in collapse of Roman military valour and simplicity, which was the result of conquest of Rome rich Western countries. The prominent English historian Edward Gibbon (1737-1794) wrote a work â€Å"History of collapse and destruction of Roman Empire† which has became a classical work. He considers that the Roman Empire represented period, where the humankind was the luckiest and prosperous, especially during the à ©poque of Antonines. He analyses the reasons of fall of Rome and presents more then 20 factor, which influenced the process. His common conclusion is simple and categorical: the reason is in â€Å"triumph of Barbarians and religion† (Edward Gibbon). R. Collingwood related Gibbon’s work to retrograde or historian tendency in historiography of XVIII century; for representatives of this tendency the history is only â€Å"sightseeing of irrational forces†. The other researchers of XIX-XX centuries underlined other factors: progressive decrease of population; penetrating of â€Å"coastal† antique culture inside the country and its extensive expansion, as a reason of loss intensiveness and coming back to old, natural forms of economy; contradictions between city and village; struggle between â€Å"municipal bourgeoisie† and lower classes of city and village, which leads to revolution, the expression of which are military rebellions; Negative role of ruling personality. For example, transfer of power from Marcus Aurelia to Commodious – the Senate looses its prestige, and power of Rome was actually based on this authority; Decrease of quantity in Roman border army, starting from Augustus period of power, which prevented stable and reliable defense of Empire (History Alive material); Christianity and religion of sympathy for all unlucky personalities, weak and low, which appeared on the basis of â€Å"mortal enmity to reality† and became a vampire of Roman Empire as well as brought into naught great dead of Romans. So, taking into account everything we examined here, we can tell that the reasons of fall are connected with specifics of development of Rome as Empire; it means that we have to see combination of factors: Internal reasons – those social, economic, political, ethnic and demographic processes, which are connected with transformation of former polices, civitases, nomes, etc. Because of all this Empire becomes unstable government. It is not enough for fall of Rome, but it is enough to weaken it. The government reached limits of its â€Å"vital space†. Specifics of cultural, religious and ideological development: a) synthesis of their own cultural achievements in order to create non-contradictory system of new beliefs, based on their own traditions; b) great religious invasion from the East As a result of all those factors the Empire becomes weal government. The decisive role then, will play external factors: External factors: meeting of economies – Roman Empire consisted of developed Western provinces, zones of ancient and stable city tradition. Economic intervention destabilized position of government. Great migration of population. In such a way, the Fall of Rome was the result of influence of numerous factors. References: Reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire: All left Rome open to outside invaders adapted from History Alive material [online] http://killeenroos.com/1/Romefall.htm The Collapse’ Chronology [online] http://www.roman-empire.net/collapse/collapse-index.html Medieval Sourcebook: Edward Gibbon: General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West [online] http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/gibbon-fall.html

Group Work and Language Learning

Group Work and Language Learning Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Introduction This chapter consists of the rationale behind my decision of having the thesis subject, and the way I found out the problem that my first year students have in speaking activities. Finally, they are the scope; the objectives, research questions, methods and design of this study are also begun. 1.2. Rationale In recent years, English has been considered one of some important subjects and a compulsory one for Vietnamese students. Better English, better careers was the answer given by many of them when they told about their purpose of learning this language. In their daily life, it cant be denied that this international language may help them prepare better for their career in the future because it does not only equip learners with a necessary source of information of social and culture knowledge but also gives them up-to-date information concerning a different issues in our society nowadays. Especially, our countrys recent regional and global participation has been increasing the demand for English speaking people, who are wanted to communicate with the outside world and access up- to- date technology. Vietnamese students are creative however there are many problems facing them when they speak this language, especially the first year students at HUBT. Among them, the problem of oral communication seems to be the most serious one. Teaching this language has been had necessary help from educators but having the best appropriate teaching method which may meet the need of the education and the society is still considered a big question for teachers of English in Vietnam. There have been some important changes in the teaching and learning this language in recent years because of big efforts from many international organizations and educational projects. Different modern approaches, techniques and methods on the teaching of this language have been applied in many universities, colleges and high schools. Generations of teachers of English are trying their best to have the best result in their career and in the classrooms contexts. 1.3. Finding out the problem. During learning English, speaking skill is one of the most necessary ones that can help students have a better job. For many years in teaching, teachers may know that learners would like to speak but they feel they have not enough confidence. As a fact they can think that, this language is not easy so they are not interested in learning, especially in speaking. This action research study of how to promote learners speaking through group work activities is very good because that may also give students more opportunities to improve other skill better. According to Richards (2000, p3): Employers too insist their employees have good English language skills and fluency in English is a prerequisite for success and advancement in many fields of employment in todays world. Focusing on English learners communication skills is an important idea to help them make progress in speaking. Wongsuwana (2006, p 44) shows that speech could be trained and it does not depend on talent anymore or talent is not the most important thing. In addition, Edge (1993, p17) points out the importance of communication that communication is at the heart of modern English Language Teaching, the part of the learning process and the goal of language teaching. However, most students do not have enough opportunities to speak English in an English environment that is why speaking this language has not had the best result. The first year students are from different areas in Vietnam. Maybe they were good at grammar but they have a lot of difficulties in speaking. They feel shy when they speak because they did not have a lot of chances to practice English in communication or for interaction in their daily life. Students from rural areas, sometimes had worse speaking skills than those from big cities. During speaking lessons, the strong students are very confident and the weak ones are afraid of speaking. Therefore, it is necessary to find out some solutions to this problem that the first year students have more chances to communicate with each other as well as to speak to each other in a so-called close-to-real English speaking condition. One of the strategies that reflects the principle of learner centeredness is group work. According to Nuna n and Lamb (1996, p, 142) group work is designed as any classroom activity in which learners perform collaborative tasks with one or more speakers. It has been considered one of the main changes to the dynamics of classroom interaction wrought by students-centered teaching. Moreover this speaking activity is able to increase the amount of active speaking and listening undertaken by all the learners in the language class. Conclusively, group work is the best way to have success in learner centered approach. This kind of speaking activities has had more and more emphasis in language classroom and it is used in encouraging learners oral practice. Participating in group, learners can join actively in the learning process. They do not have to sit passively and listen to their teacher. For all the above good points, it is willing for me to propose Group work as an approach to improving speaking skills for the first year non- major students of English at HUBT as the subject of this study. 1.4. Scope of the study. This study was taken place with the first year students who were learning English as a normal subject. Maybe, the study could not cover all the problems 1st students dealt with in using group work because it was limited to the investigation of learners attitudes towards group work, the level of learners participation in group activities 1.5 Objective of the study. There have been many studies on the spoken English teaching group work so far. Therefore, this study does not claim to introduce a new way of English teaching method. The main objective of the study is for the benefits of the learners, and the study will be a source of materials for teachers of English on the teaching of speaking skill, who consider group work as one of some important educational ways to help students speak better. To be more specific, the main objective is: To investigate the effects of group work on students speaking skill and its results. With this objective, the research questions are: 1. What are the learners attitudes towards group work? 2. What are the effects of group work on learners speaking skills? 1.6. Organization of the study The study consists of 5 main chapters: Introduction, Literature review, Methodology, Finding and discussion, and the last one is Conclusion. Chapter 2: Literature review This chapter presents major issues that relate to the theory of communicative learning in general and in language teaching in particular. The main features are taken into consideration, the concepts related to the study including the communication language teaching and the teaching of speaking skill, the definition of group work. Finally, they are benefits of group work. 2.1. Definition of Communicate language teaching and the teaching of speaking skill CLT is the latest influence on language teaching in Vietnamese education. CLT is considered as a broad approach to teach and results from a focus on communication as the organizing principle for the teaching rather than a focus on mastering of grammatical system of the language. Many different of CLT have been provided so far so it is not easy to show which a standard one is. Byrne (1981, p71) shows that the communicative approach allows many interactive oral activities in the classroom. Learners learn to use the English language, not English usages, to speak better in communication. They participate in group work (including of more than 2 students), play their own roles to speak to others, who have the same role, so each of them make intentional utterances that can help them have the best result and reach their goal in the shortest time. Learners are introduced to clear targets by their teacher and teachers may create communicative conditions, go round, and participate in the activities to help their students. Nunan (1989, p94) points out the approach which consists of aspects common to some definitions of CLT: CTL review language as a system for the expression of meaning. Activities involve oral communication, carrying out meaning tasks and using language, which is meaningful to the learners. Objectives reflect the needs of the learners. They consist of functional skills as well as linguistic objectives. The learners role is as a negotiator and integrator. The teacher role is as a facilitator of the communication process. Materials promote communicative language use; they are task based authentic. This definition shows a clear view of understanding and explaining language acquisition. It is socially constructed and may be effect when exploiting to teach language speaking. In communication, speaking plays an important role. The nature of speaking, both the element of pronunciation and connected speech, and the pragmatic aspects, has been discussed to examine by some well- known scholars and linguists. Brown (1994, p256 ) shows many of the characteristics such as the reduced forms, the stress, rhythm and intonation, the clustering, the colloquialism, the affective factors and the interaction, that could make oral performance not easy. From these writers support, it is easy to realize that the good results of communication consist of many features. They are the ability to articulate phonological ones of the language, the suitable degree of fluency, the mastery of stress intonation patterns, rhythm and etc 1. The development of CLT has had implications, which are necessary for students to develop their speaking ability through cooperative learning. Moreover, it gives students many chances to speak the language with appropriate learning conditions. 2.2. Group work 2.2.1. Definitions of group work. Group work is considered one of the important factors to improve learners communication. Different individuals have developed many approaches to group work over the last time. Group work is defined by Johnson, Johnson and Smith (1991, p15) as group work, in language class, is a co- operative activity, during which students share aims and responsibilities to complete a task assigned by the teacher in groups or in pair. It is said that, in group work, students learn to listen to different ideas, learn to discuss and to negotiate. They take part in equally and sometimes they feel comfortable to experiment and speak the language. Every member has more opportunities for independence and they can have some learning decisions. David (1993) shows that group work activity consists of three general types. The first one is informal learning group. The second one is formal learning group. The last one is the study teams. From these definitions of group type, the first one is more suitable for the term group work activities described in this study. This means that learners are required to have small groups from 3 or more members to work on a speaking task. 2.2.2. Benefits of using group work activities in language teaching. There are many sorts of activities in speaking lesson. They are discussions, dialogues, etc. These activities are often used in group work and have a lot of advantages. Firstly, students responsibility and autonomy are promoted through group work activities. All students work together, share their ideas, and always want to reach the goal in group activities. In addition, one of their main tasks is being in charge of their group activities. Every learner is in charge of his own and each others speaking, so there is a friendly help and high personal interdependence between them. Doff states: Group work and pair wok encourage students to share ideas knowledge. In a reading activity, students can help each other to explore the meaning of a text, in a discussion activity; students can give each other new ideas. (Doff, 1988). Secondly, learners participation, talking time and oral fluency are improved through group. As for Ur (1996, p 232), students can have a learning task during small interaction in group work and it is considered as a kind of their activation and is very valuable for practicing of fluency in speaking. There are 5 groups in a class; students can get 5 times as some chance to speak as in a big class. Finally, the students motivation is improved through group work activities. . Group-work activity can allow participants to use the language. Moreover, it is one of the most effective ways to motivate participants to become more involved. Richards and Loc Khart (1994) point out that, students not only play more active roles in the learning process but also get the benefits of sharing ideas with their team member through taking part in groups. Doff (1988, p141) states students fell less anxiety when they are privately than when they are on shown in front of the whole class. Pair work and group-work can help shy students, who would never say anything in a whole class activity The source of benefits of group-work can be seen in many different fields, consists of improving students speaking skill. In the best group-work activity in a language classroom, the participants of a learning group can benefit in several ways. By dividing the class into group, a new social context in created whereby learners get the opportunity to share individual cognitions with their group mates and decide on a conclusion based on the sum of these cognitions. In general, group work has had a lot of emphasis in language classroom and its activities are taken place in some ways of the second language instructions, especially in encouraging learners face to face practice. However, group activities still have got many problems when some students control the group a lot and make others uncomfortable, so how to organize group work effectively is the big question for educators and language teachers, who consider group wok as one of the best ways to improve students speaking skill. Chapter 3: Methodology. Chapter 3 presents the methodology of the study. The methods used in this study includes both quantitative and qualitative. 3.1. Research design. There have been many methods provided to be used in the way of applied linguistics. They are experimental method, case study but Action Research was chosen in this study because it includes many advantages and it is one of the most effective ways to obtain more objective and reliable information, including observation and interview. 3.2 Participants. The students were in the last term (or second term) of the first year at the University. They are in class KT 1421, Account Department, and learned in a small sized class of 25 ones, including 15 girls and 10 boys. Each class has one private room to study and they attend 10 class hours of English in a week. They are from 18 to 19 years old. Some of them, especially students from big cities, studied English at high school for 7 years, and others, who come from different provinces, finished this language for only 3 years. Although their English knowledge was not the same, they have to study the same level Elementary at University. 3.2 The procedures of the study. 3.2.1 Problem identification During organizing group work activities, due to my experience in teaching and a lot of discussions between me and my first year students, I found out a problem: students lack of interest in participating in group work activities so this speaking activity has not had the best result. 3.2.2 Collecting data To clarify the problem, a student interview was chosen because it has many advantages. Nunan (1987, p150) states it gives the interviewee a degree of power and control over the course of interviewer a great deal of flexibility. The purpose of the interview was to get students opinions about group work activities and the causes of this problem. The interviewer is a teacher of English- a researcher of this study. The interviewees are 6 students from 3 groups which were divided by the researcher. The first group is a weak one, consisting of unconfident students. They are very shy and sometimes lazy with speaking activities. The students in this group were quite and passive, they seemed to keep silent and listen to other team members most of the time. They are 8 students, and often got bad mark (mark 5 or 4) in a pre- test speaking. The second one is a strong group, including dynamic, enthusiastic and hard working students in the study (9 out of 25 students). Most of them were really active and talkative and dominant in group activities. In last test speaking, they got good mark (mark 7.5, 8 and 9).They are always successful in every speaking activity The last group consists of students, whose performance at speaking lesson, especially group work activities is indifferent. Maybe they are not lazy but they are lack of English speaking skill. They shared 33 % (8 students in the class). Mark 6 or 6.5. They do not make noise in the class but their result in studying is not always excellent. 3.2.3. Analyzing data. The information collected from the interview will be discussed in detailed in section 4.1- the initial 3.2.4. Planning action Basing on the findings from the initial data, the solution chosen is to rearrange students seats in group work activities and reconsider the way of teaching. More details will showed in 4.2.2 3.2.5. Implementing the action plan The action plan implementation lasted during 3 weeks, with the participations of the teacher and 25 students in class Kt 1421. 3.2.6 Collecting post- data. Attitude interview was used to collect data in order to find out where group work activities improve their speaking skill. Moreover, I would like to discover the students attitudes towards this speaking activity. 3.2.7 Analyzingpost data This action was evaluated on the results collected from the post data. Some recommendations for other research were presented from the results of the action research. An interview was chosen as a data collection instrument for this study.. The interview was designed by the teacher, based on information I would like to find. The students interview consisted of 5 questions. (See appendix 1). In order to help interviewees understand all the questions clearly, 5 questions were translated into Vietnamese. Chapter 4: Result and discussions This chapter provides the results of the action research. The presentation consists of the description of the initial result from the interview, the information on the findings from this result. 4.1. Initial data. 4.1.1 Results from pre-students interview. Question 1: The students self assessment of their English speaking skill in group work activities. Most of the students (4 out of 6) admitted that their speaking skill in group works discussions was bad, even very bad. They found it very complicated .Only one third (2 out of 6 students) started that the speaking skill was not a big problem in their English learning. Question 2: Students interest in taking part in group work activities. Question 2 asked students if they liked to participate in group work activities. Students answers showed that a majority (4 out of 6) said no to the question. They are from the first and the last group. In their opinions, they would like to have more help from their classmates, whose English is better than their because they are lack of speaking skill and afraid of asking their teacher a lot. Only one third of students (2 out of 6) expressed that they are interested in this speaking activity because it allows them have more opportunities to practice in English. Question 3: Difficulties of learners while participating. Question 3 aimed to collect difficulties the students had to deal with while taking part in group work activities. Two students from the weak group complained that they had a lot of difficulties and the most difficult one is without a leader team. They did not know what to say, how to start and express their ideas, their opinions in English with a topic in discussions. Two other students from the last group mentioned that they had too much difficulty. They often could not understand clearly all the noun phrases and expressions when their teacher taught and explained in English. That was the main reason that they often spent time chatting or reading funny stories and made noise in the class. Other members English level is the same so they would like to have a chance in their sitting in group work activities. Only one third (2 out of 6),who are very confident and independent in studying, started that they did not have any difficulties in every group work speaking activity but sometime they were not satisfied when there was too much noise from the weak group.. Question 4: Learners attitude towards teachers monitoring their seats in group work activities. As can been seen in questions result, a majority students were looking forward to it (4 out of 6). They are from group one and three. One student from the strong one was not ready to accept that. She was afraid that, she is willing to help team mates but she would spend too much time explaining lessons for the weak ones in the team. The last student from the strong group had positive attitude towards changing their seats. Question 5: Learners opinion kids of team member they like to work with. Six interviewees had the same opinion that they do not care of this. 4.1.2. Finding from the initial data As can be seen from the data analysis from students interview, the first year students would like to take part in group work activities until there will be some chances in organizing, especially their seats, and team members. Most of them, especially from the first and the last group are looking forward to this. In addition to this, I try to explain lessons more clearly to help students understand better. In order to overcome these problems, I should think about how to arrange group work activities that they can work effectively and better and what to do to make the activities been done properly. When organizing group work, the first point should be taken into consideration is the selection of group work member. The students always sit in the same place since it means that they will always be in the same group, which can give rise to boredom over a prolonged period. From the identification of this problem mentioned above, the following hypothesis was chosen: If the teacher rearranges students seats in group work activities and changes something in the way of teaching, students will be full of interest in participating in group work activities, and their speaking skill will be better. 4.2. Action Plan The action plan was conducted to check the chosen hypothesis and more importantly to give the answer to the 2 Research Questions. The action implementation was taken place for 3 weeks, during 6 class hours of English with these steps: The first, students are not allowed to choose their partners or group mates because this happened in the first term and better students often sat together and so did the weak ones. Participants are in mixed ability group, consisting 4 members. A group should have a mixture of a weaker and a stronger student since the more able students can help their less fluent or knowledgeable friends, the process of helping will such strong students to understand more about the language themselves. Secondly, I had better to take some important things into my consideration to overcome these problems mentioned above such as instructions, monitoring. Presenting the activity to the class will be a major in its success. Therefore, it is a good idea for me to keep instruction simply and if necessary can use the mother tongue, however I also should try to use English as much as possible because both explaining and evaluating activities is a very real use of language in a classroom situation. Providing many examples and giving the learners a trial run are usually good ideas. Moreover, when activities are in progress, my main task is to move around the class and to listen in directly in order to find out how the participants are getting on well. I think, I should not correct students mistakes of language during a group activity but I should make a note of them and use them as the basis of feedback. The participants should be told that the teacher is available for consultation if they ne ed During 6 class hours, students in 3 groups were divided in different groups with separated roles. The students from the weak one had help from new group members, seemed to take part in discussions actively and the strong ones had opportunities to help their friends. They discussed together positively with their opinions. Post-interview was used to collect post- data after the action plan finished. The five pre-interview questions were used again. Result from post-interview Students problems Pre-action Post-action Noise from weak group 2 0 Fear of speaking 4 2 Low participation 2 0 Use of mother tongue 2 0 Difficulty in understanding lessons 4 1 Arrange their seats in group work activities 4 0 It is clear from the pre-interview results that most students problems have been reduced. There was not noise in group work activities. Only two students from the weak group were still shy when they spoke. They used to keep silent during group work activities, but now their participation is not low. They started to have ideas in groups discussions. Four students from the first and the last group complained about their difficulties in participating. After 3 weeks, they had a little one because of rearranging their seats and having a leader team. It is very helpful for them to speak English better. Most of students are interested in their new seat Chapter 5: Conclusion 5.1. Summary of the study It is not a new idea to use group work activities in improving learners speaking ability. In many educators opinions, this speaking ability no doubt gives big and necessary benefits not only teachers but also learners. In this study, the effects of group work on the students participation and achievement have been shown and learners attitude towards this speaking activity bas been investigated. The study has presented many good results through regards to quantitative and qualitative analysis. The first, a lot of students as the participants in the research expressed their interest in taking part in group work activities. The second, through the implementation of this research, the stronger and friendlier relationship between team members has been proved. Most of the students showed that their speaking skills in English were developed and improved significantly. Therefore this research helped me and my colleagues have more chances to know students weaknesses and strengths during their participating as well as their desires, feelings, difficulties and expectations revealed through their roles. It is valuable source of personal information for teacher to know and helps the teacher adjust and strengthen her role as a facilitator, an educator and a teacher in classroom activities. The increasing quantity of learners interaction in the post- group work activities support the opinion that a lot of students in a group worked more effectively with each other in order to reach the goal of the group by the way they asked question, responded others, clarified and explained opinions and ideas to team members. The weak students were more confident when they asked for help from better members in the group as the participants were willing and ready to help. Moreover they felt comfortable to encourage the weak ones to participate in practicing group work activities as the good students find out that through doing these things, their oral communication skills and many other academic skills, for example level thinking skill, critical thinking skill to explain evaluate , discuss, formulate ideahave been improved. Using group work effectively can help students become more independent, confident and responsible. This is very good because they can have and use many suitable lea rning strategies in their studying for a long time. 5.2. Limitations of the study and suggestions for further studies. This action was made to improve teaching and learning in group work activities. Like many action research, obviously it has limitations. Firstly, the finding could not be generalized and should be interpreted with caution by using to other contexts. Secondly, the participants are only the first year students not the second or third ones, who have more experience in learning English and in taking part in a teamwork. Moreover, only the way to develop speaking skill is showed while group work activities could be used to teaching other integrated skill for students such as listening, writing, reading and of course, speaking. 5.3. Pedagogical implications of the study English lessons are considered good opportunities to practice this language. Students can have help from their teachers and their classmates. Moreover, to encourage students on the initial trying of studying and improving their practicing English, teachers of English may supply some investment to organize and use the program on a bigger scale such as student-organized English speaking clubs, English students newspaper that provide necessary experience in learning this language, important knowledge and main skill to learn English better. In addition, when organizing group work activities, these important factors should be taken into consideration: setting up a group work activity, managing group work effectively, organizing group successfully. Further more, the realization of this study has showed the orientation and showed the practicality of using group work in teaching English in Vietnamese education, especially in university context, where a lot of teachers use traditional approach and students depend on them a lot. Group work activities are very important and necessary for Vietnamese students, especially the first year students, who have finished high school, where teachers use traditional methods of teaching English a lot. Participating in group work activities can help them improve their independent working, have more critical thinking skills. REFERENCES: Byrne, D (1981). Communication in the classroom. England: Longman.